26.12.2016
Архаический период в греческой истории занимает особоеa place. At this time, laid the foundations of culture and development of society, which over the next centuries continuously perfected. Archaic Greece is cultivation crafts and shipbuilding, the emergence of real money and a wide the spread of iron. On the time frame of the archaic period there are disputes. It is customary to consider it within 8-5 centuries before AD
Culture and crafts
In the archaic period, the culture of Greece was renewed. Center new value system has become a human person, new literary genres. The epic has been replaced by lyric poetry, which described joy, grief and feelings. Philosophy originated as science as a result of attempts by Greek thinkers to understand which place in this world allotted to man.
Painting developed in those days in Greece, and the best example is the ceramics which kept an amazingly beautiful painting. In the era Archaic were widely developed the main types of ancient Greek vases: water carrying hydrias, voluminous craters for mixing wine with water, oval amphoras with two handles and a narrow neck, in which grain, oil, wine and honey were stored. The shape of the vessels completely corresponded to their purpose, and the painting acquired flexible lines. On ceramics are increasingly portrayed scene scenes and plant motives.
Especially the development of painting on vases is noticeable in the period of late archaic when the black-figure style gets spread, and plotless ornament loses its meaning completely. Gradually complicated technique of execution – it requires more from the artist skill.
Greek sculpture and architecture
Architecture in the archaic period developed rapidly. More attention was paid to decorating temples and public buildings. Temples were built in the most prominent places because they were the center of not only spiritual but also political activities. It was at this time that the order system was created, which predetermined the development of Greek architecture. During the archaic period two orders stood out: Ionic and Doric. Last characteristic of the Greek colonies in southern Italy and the Peloponnese, and its origin is associated with the cities of Ionia.
Archaic temples are decorated with sculptures of mythological heroes and gods. In them, the Greeks embodied their ideas about the physical perfect As a means of expression was used as called archaic smile – limited facial expression, playful and not completely natural smile. Therefore, the sculptures began to resemble living person. Artists in that period sought to spiritualize image and fill it with content. Realism intensified thanks to bright coloring – archaic sculptures that have reached us are preserved only traces of paint.
Economy and Society
Changes in all areas were driven by economic growth. The use of iron allowed to develop viticulture and increase amount of olive products. As a result, the excess began to take out outside of Greece, and making a profit stimulated rural household Between the policies strengthened ties, economic the transformations noticeably changed Greece. As a natural result – the appearance of money, and the amount of land is no longer an indicator wealth. In all Greek policies, the number of craftsmen, traders, workshop owners, peasants sold products at public meetings – the city of Greece began to form culturally, politically and economically full-fledged society.
The economy grew rapidly, and so rapidly grew. stratification in society. In the Greek policies appeared social groups and classes. Somewhere such processes were more intense, somewhere slower – for example, in areas where more important Agriculture. The very first stood out the class of merchants and artisans. This stratum gave rise to “tyranny” – coming to power with the use of force. But among the tyrants there were many who in every way supported the development of trade, crafts, shipbuilding. But only then came the real despots, and the phenomenon acquired negative shade.
A special stage of the archaic period – the Great Greek colonization. The poor, not resigned to the bundle, looking for the best life in the new Greek colonies. Rulers such a situation it was profitable: it was easier to spread the influence to new lands. The most common was the colonization of the southern direction: east Spain, Sicily, part of Italy, Corsica and Sardinia. On southeastern direction settled North Africa and Phenicia, and on the northeast – the shores of the Black and Marmara seas. An event later influenced the course of history, was the establishment of Byzantium – the city-grandparent of the great Constantinople. But its development and growth already belong to other, subsequent epochs.
